Jump to content

Islam in Australia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Adelaide Mosque in Adelaide, South Australia is amongst the oldest mosques in Australia having been built in 1888-89.
Part of a series on
Islam in Australia
History
Mosques
Organisations
Islamic organisations in Australia
Groups
Events
National Mosque Open Day
People
Islam by country
World percentage of Muslims by country
Africa
Asia
Americas
Europe
Oceania
Islam portal

Islam is the second-largest religion in Australia. According to the 2021 Census in Australia, the combined number of people who self-identified as Australian Muslims, from all forms of Islam, constituted 813,392 people, or 3.2% of the total Australian population.[1][2] That total Muslim population makes Islam, in all its denominations and sects, the second largest religious grouping in Australia, after all denominations of Christianity (43.9%,[3] also including non-practicing cultural Christians).

Demographers attribute Muslim community growth trends during the most recent census period to relatively high birth rates, and recent immigration patterns.[4][5] Adherents of Islam represent the majority of the population in Cocos (Keeling) Islands, an external territory of Australia.[6]

The vast majority of Muslims in Australia are Sunni, with significant minorities belonging to the Shia denomination. The followers of each of these are further split along different Madhhab (schools of thought within Islamic jurisprudence for the interpretation and practice of Islamic law) and Sub-Sect. There are also practitioners of other smaller denominations of Islam such as Ibadi Muslim Australians of Omani descent, and approximately 20,000 Druze Australians whose religion emerged as an offshoot of Islam which arrived in Australia with the immigration of Druze mainly from Lebanon and Syria. There are also Sufi (Islamic mysticism) minorities among Muslim practitioners in Australia.[7]

While the overall Australian Muslim community is defined largely by a common religious identity, Australia's Muslims are not a monolithic community. The Australian Muslim community has traditional sectarian divisions and is also extremely diverse racially, ethnically, culturally and linguistically.[8] Different Muslim groups within the Australian Muslim community thus also espouse parallel non-religious ethnic identities with related non-Muslim counterparts, either within Australia or abroad.[9]

History

[edit]

Prior to 1860

[edit]

Islam has been in Australia since the 1700s when Makassar traders were long-term visitors to Arnhem land (now Northern Territory).[10] A dance among the Warramiri people refers to a dreamtime creational being is given the name, Walitha Walitha, which is an adaptation of the Arabic phrase Allah ta'ala (God, the exalted).[11] The 'Dreaming' creation figure, Walitha' walitha, is also known as Allah.[11] In the Warramiri tradition, Walitha' walitha descends from heaven to re-establish order from infighting and violence between different groups in Arnhem land. Indigenous Australians share this ceremony, known as the Wurramu, with the people of Macassar Indonesia, but the Aboriginal version is a mortuary ritual. Aboriginal elders explain on an 'outside' level' the dance performance is about the new world introduced to Aborigines in pre-colonial times as a result of this first contact experience, but on an 'inside' level, they focus on the Aboriginal deaths that occurred as a consequence of contact with these fishing peoples from the north of Australia. The 'inside' meaning of the ritual relates to the passage of the soul of the deceased to a heavenly paradise above, the abode of Allah.[10]

Main article: Makassan contact with Australia

Indonesian Muslims trepangers from the southwest corner of Sulawesi visited the coast of northern Australia, "from at least the eighteenth century"[12] to collect and process trepang, a marine invertebrate prized for its culinary and medicinal values in Chinese markets. Remnants of their influence can be seen in the culture of some of the northern Aboriginal peoples. Regina Ganter, an associate professor at Griffith University, says, "Staying on the safe grounds of historical method ... the beginning of the trepang industry in Australia [can be dated] to between the 1720s and 1750s, although this does not preclude earlier, less organised contact." Ganter also writes "the cultural imprint on the Yolngu people of this contact is everywhere: in their language, in their art, in their stories, in their cuisine."[13] According to anthropologist John Bradley from Monash University, the contact between the two groups was a success: "They traded together. It was fair - there was no racial judgement, no race policy." Even into the early 21st century, the shared history between the two peoples is still celebrated by Aboriginal communities in Northern Australia as a period of mutual trust and respect.[14]

Others who have studied this period have come to a different conclusion regarding the relationship between the Aboriginal people and the visiting trepangers. Anthropologist Ian McIntosh[15] has said that the initial effects of the Macassan fishermen were "terrible", which resulted in "turmoil"[16]: 65–67  with the extent of Islamic influence being "indeterminate".[16]: 76  In another paper McIntosh concludes, "strife, poverty and domination . . is a previously unrecorded legacy of contact between Aborigines and Indonesians."[17]: 138  A report prepared by the History Department of the Australian National University says that the Macassans appear to have been welcomed initially, however relations deteriorated when, "aborigines began to feel they were being exploited . . leading to violence on both sides".[18]: 81–82 

A number of "Mohammedans" were listed in the musters of 1802, 1811, 1822, and the 1828 census, and a small number of Muslims arrived during the convict period. Beyond this, Muslims generally are not thought to have settled in large numbers in other regions of Australia until 1860.[19]: 10 

Muslims were among the earliest settlers of Norfolk Island while the island was used as a British penal colony in the early 19th century. They arrived from 1796, having been employed on British ships. They left following the closure of the penal colony and moved to Tasmania. The community left no remnants; only seven permanent residents of the island identified themselves as "non-Christian" in a 2006 census.[20][21][22]

1860 onward: cameleers and pearlers

[edit]
Further information: Afghan cameleers in Australia and Pearling in Western Australia
19th-century mosque in cemetery, Bourke, New South Wales

Among the early Muslims were the "Afghan" camel drivers who migrated to and settled in Australia during the mid to late 19th century. Between 1860 and the 1890s a number of Central Asians came to Australia to work as camel drivers.

Camels were first imported into Australia in 1840, initially for exploring the arid interior (see Australian camel), and later for the camel trains that were uniquely suited to the demands of Australia's vast deserts. The first camel drivers arrived in Melbourne, Victoria, in June 1860, when eight Muslims and Hindus arrived with the camels for the Burke and Wills expedition. The next arrival of camel drivers was in 1866 when 31 men from Rajasthan and Baluchistan arrived in South Australia with camels for Thomas Elder. Although they came from several countries, they were usually known in Australia as 'Afghans' and they brought with them the first formal establishment of Islam in Australia.[23]

The grave of an Afghan cameleer

Cameleers settled in the areas near Alice Springs and other areas of the Northern Territory and inter-married with the Indigenous population. The Adelaide, South Australia to Darwin, Northern Territory, railway is named The Ghan (short for The Afghan) in their memory.[24]

The first mosque in Australia was built in 1861 at Marree, South Australia.[25] The Great Mosque of Adelaide was built in 1888 by the descendants of the Afghan cameleers. The Broken Hill Mosque at North camel camp was built by the cameleers between 1887 and 1891.[26]

During the 1870s, in slave like conditions, White owned companies brought in Malay Muslims as indentured servants to work on Western Australian and Northern Territory pearling grounds.[27][28] This was in response to amounting public pressure on the pearling industry, who practiced child kidnapping and forced labour of Aboriginal women, girls, and even pregnant mothers, as they were thought to be the best at diving for pearls.[28] By 1900, 38% of indentured-servant pearl divers were Malay. It is thought that thousands were killed in this industry and are buried in Australia; one cemetery alone of indenture Japanese pearl divers had over 1000 graves, with the average age of mid-20's.[29]

One of the earliest recorded Islamic festivals celebrated in Australia occurred on 23 July 1884 when 70 Muslims assembled for Eid prayers at Albert Park, Melbourne. The Auckland Star noted the ceremony's calm demeanor, stating: "During the whole service the worshippers wore a remarkably reverential aspect."[30]

20th century

[edit]
Replica of ice cream van owned by one of the killers in the 1915 "Battle of Broken Hill".

Most of the cameleers returned to their countries after their work had dried up, but a few had brought wives and settled in Australia with their families, and others settled either on their own (some living at the Adelaide Mosque), or married Aboriginal or European women. Halimah Schwerdt, secretary to Mahomet Allum, a former cameleer who established himself as herbalist, healer and philanthropist in Adelaide, became first European woman in Australia to publicly embrace Islam. She was engaged to Allum in 1935-37, but there is no record of a wedding.[31] He married Jean Emsley in 1940, who converted to Islam later. Allam also published pamphlets and articles about Islam.[32]

From 1901, under the provisions of the White Australia policy, immigration to Australia was restricted to persons of white European descent (including white Europeans of the Muslim faith). Meanwhile, persons not of white European heritage (including most Muslims) were denied entry to Australia during this period, and those already settled were not granted Australian citizenship.[33]

Notable events involving Australian Muslims during this early period include what has been described either as an act of war by the Ottoman Empire, or the earliest terrorist attack planned against Australian civilians.[34] The attack was carried out at Broken Hill, New South Wales, in 1915, in what was described as the Battle of Broken Hill. Two Afghans who pledged allegiance to the Ottoman Empire shot and killed four Australians and wounded seven others before being killed by the police.[35]

Melbourne's first mosque, built by the Albanian community

In the 1920s and 1930s Albanian Muslims, whose European heritage made them compatible with the White Australia Policy, immigrated to the country.[36][37][38] The Albanian arrival revived the Australian Muslim community whose ageing demographics were until that time in decline[39] and Albanians became some of the earliest post-colonial Muslim groups to establish themselves in Australia.[40] Some of the earliest communities with a sizable Albanian Muslim population were Mareeba, Queensland and Shepparton in Victoria.[41][42][43]

Post-war migration

[edit]

The perceived need for population growth and economic development in Australia led to the broadening of Australia's immigration policy in the post-World War II period. This allowed for the acceptance of a number of displaced white European Muslims who began to arrive from other parts of Europe, mainly from the Balkans, especially from Bosnia and Herzegovina. As with the Albanian Muslim immigrants before them, the European heritage of these displaced Muslims also made them compatible with the White Australia Policy.[44]

Albanians partook in the revival of Islamic life within Australia, in particular toward creating networks and institutions for the community.[45] Albanian Muslims built the first mosque in Shepparton, Victoria (1960),[37][46] first mosque in Melbourne (1969)[41] and another in 1985,[47][48] and a mosque in Mareeba, Far North Queensland (1970).[41]

With the increase in immigration of Muslims after the war from countries such as Bosnia, Albania and Kosovo, the Islam in Australia developed its characteristic plurality. The move proved enriching for Muslim migrants, who "met Muslim fellows from many different ethnic, racial, cultural, sectarian and linguistic backgrounds" and "found Islam more pluralistic and more sophisticated" than their countries of origin.[49]

Later, between 1967 and 1971, during the final years of the step-by-step dismantling of the White Australia policy, approximately 10,000 Turkish citizens settled in Australia under an agreement between Australia and Turkey. From the 1970s onwards, there was a significant shift in the government's attitude towards immigration, and with the White Australia policy now totally dismantled from 1973 onwards, instead of trying to make newer foreign nationals assimilate and forgo their heritage, the government became more accommodating and tolerant of differences by adopting a policy of multiculturalism.[citation needed]

The Chullora Greenacre Mosque

Larger-scale Muslim migration of non-White non-European Muslims began in 1975 with the migration of Lebanese Muslims, which rapidly increased during the Lebanese Civil War from 22,311 or 0.17% of the Australian population in 1971, to 45,200 or 0.33% in 1976.[citation needed] Lebanese Muslims are still the largest and highest-profile Muslim group in Australia, although Lebanese Christians form a majority of Lebanese Australians, outnumbering their Muslim counterparts at a 6-to-4 ratio.[citation needed]

1990s

[edit]

Trade and educational links have been developed between Australia and several Muslim countries. Muslim students from countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, are among the thousands of international students studying in Australian universities.[quantify][citation needed]

A number of Australian Arabs experienced anti-Arab backlash during the First Gulf War (1990–91). Newspapers received numerous letters calling for Arab Australians to "prove their loyalty" or "go home", and some Arab Australian Muslim women wearing hijab head coverings were reportedly harassed in public. The Australian government's Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission included accounts of racial harassment experienced by some Australian Arabs in their 1991 report on racism in Australia.[19]: 11–13 

21st century

[edit]
Kuraby Mosque Brisbane attracts large number of worshippers in Friday prayers.

By the beginning of the 21st-century, Muslims from more than sixty countries had settled in Australia. While a very large number of them come from Bosnia, Turkey, and Lebanon, there are Muslims from Indonesia, Malaysia, Iran, Fiji, Albania, Sudan, Somalia, Egypt, the Palestinian territories, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh, among others.[citation needed] At the time of the 2011 census, 476,000 Australians (representing 2.2 percent of the population) reported Islam as their religion.[50]

On a few occasions in the 2000s and 2010s, tensions have flared between Australian Muslims and the general population. The Sydney gang rapes formed a much-reported set of incidents in 2000; a group of Lebanese men sexually assaulted non-Muslim women. In 2005, tensions between Muslims and non-Muslims in the Cronulla area of Sydney led to violent rioting; the incident resulted in mass arrests and criminal prosecution. In 2012, Muslims protesting in central Sydney against Innocence of Muslims, an anti-Islam film trailer, resulted in rioting.[51] There was an increase in anti-Muslim sentiment in the aftermath of the Sydney hostage crisis on 15–16 December 2014, including a threat made against a mosque in Sydney.[52] However, the Muslim community also received support from the Australian public through a social media campaign.[53][54]

Pro-Palestinian protest in Melbourne, 15 October 2023

The founding president of the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils has said that with moderate Muslims being sidelined by those promoting more fundamentalist views, there is a need to be more careful in regard to potential Australian immigrants. Keysar Trad has said moderate Muslims need to take back control.[55]

An article in The Australian in May 2015 opined, "Most Muslims want the peace and prosperity that comes from an Islam that coexists with modernity; it is a fanatical fringe that seeks to impose a fabricated medieval Islam". It describes Dr Jamal Rifi as a brave insider who is working to assist "the cause of good Muslims who are struggling for the soul of Islam".[56]

Islamic denominations in Australia

[edit]
See also: Islamic schools and branches

Most Australian Muslims are Sunni, with Shia, Sufi and Ahmadiyya as minorities.[57]

Sunni

[edit]
Rochedale Bosnian Mosque, Brisbane

In Sydney, adherents of the Sunni denomination of Islam are concentrated in the suburb of Lakemba and surrounding areas such as Punchbowl, Wiley Park, Bankstown and Auburn.

In Australia there are also groups associated with the "hardline" Salafi branch of Sunni Islam, including the Islamic Information and Services Network of Australasia[58] and Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah Association (Australia) (ASWJA).[59] While their numbers are small,[60] the ASWJA is said to "punch above its weight".[8]

There are communities of NSW Muslims who adhere to Tablighi Jamaat form of Islam and worship at the Granville, Al Noor Masjid, which is led by Sheik Omar El-Banna.[61][62] Similarly many Bangladeshi Tablighi Jamaat, Muslims[63] worship at mosques in Seaton, NSW[64] and in Huntingdale Victoria.[65]

Dawateislami, which is a "non-political Islamic organisation based in Pakistan", has adherents in Australia.[66]

In 2015, Wikileaks cables released information that Saudi Arabia closely monitors the situation of Islam and Arab community in Australia, whilst at the same time spending considerately to promote its fundamentalist version of Sunni Islam within the country.[67]

Shia

[edit]

In 1977 Sheikh Fahd Mehdi the first Shia cleric arrived in Australia and established the first Shia place of worship in Sydney, Al Zahra Mosque with funding from overseas and the help of Sayed Mohamed Kadhim Al Qazwini. He went on to establish the first Shia Islamic centre in Sydney AL-Jaafaria Society in Rockdale NSW.

Shi'a commemorating Ashura outside the Opera House, Sydney.

The Shi'a denomination of Islam is centred in the St George, Campbelltown, Fairfield, Auburn and Liverpool regions of Sydney, with the al-Zahra Mosque, built in Arncliffe in 1983,[68] and the Al-Rasool Al-A'dham Mosque serves the region in Bankstown. In 2008, the mainstream Shia community numbered 30,000 followers nationally.[69]

In October 2004 Sheikh Mansour Leghaei established the Imam Hasan Centre[70] in Annangrove, NSW.

In November 2014, up to 3,000 Shi'a Muslims marched in Sydney on the annual Ashura Procession to mark the death of the prophet's grandson.[71][72] In November 2015 there was Ashura march in Sydney[citation needed] and a Victorian school observed Muharram.[73]

Others

[edit]

There are also others from smaller non-mainstream sects of Islam, including approximately 20,000 Alawites from Turkish, Syrian and Lebanese backgrounds.[74] They have at least one school called Al Sadiq College, with campuses in the Sydney suburbs of Yagoona and Greenacre.[75] There is also a population of the related, though distinct, Alevis.[76]

There is also an Ismaili population of unspecified size.[77][78] While Dawoodi Bohra, a small Ismaili Shia sect[79] has its Sydney Jamaat located in Auburn NSW.[80]

Additionally, the Druze, who practice Druzism, a religion that began as an offshoot of 11th-century Ismaili Islam,[81] are reported to have around 20,000 followers living in Australia.[82]

Sufi

[edit]

The study of the history of Sufism in Australia is a fledgling discipline. Initial examination indicates that the Sufis have played an important part in Muslim engagement with Australia and its peoples.[83] There are many reported instances of Sufism amongst the cameleers, though the best available evidence of this to date exists within a hand written manuscript at the historic Broken Hill mosque, providing at least one instance of Qadiri Sufis amongst the cameleers.[26][84]

Baron Friedrich von Frankenberg, who was inspired by the man who first brought to the West, Inayat Khan, moved to Australia from Germany with his family in 1927. The baron and his Australian wife were well-liked, and students would study Sufism under von Frankenberg at their home in Camden, New South Wales. In 1939 he organised the visit of a renowned Sufi leader, or Murshida, and devotee of Khan, known as Murshida Rabia Martin. Born Ada Ginsberg, the daughter of Russian Jewish immigrants to the US, Martin's visit was of great significance because of her link to Khan. After the baron's death in 1950, the poet and artist Francis Brabazon, student of Meher Baba, another early spiritual teacher took up a leadership role.[49] However, there is some contention regarding the extent to which this group adhered to Islamic practice, limiting the extent to which this group can be considered a representation of Islam in Australia.

Currently there are communities representing most of the major Sufi Orders within Australia, including, but not limited to the Mevlevi, Rifaii, Naqshbandiyya Archived 22 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine,[85] and Burhaniyya. Amongst these Sufi communities, it is estimated there are at least 5,000 adherents.[86]

Sectarian tensions

[edit]

Conflict between religious groups in the Middle East are reflecting as tensions within the Australian community[87][88][89][90] and in the schools.[91]

Religious life

[edit]

The Australian Muslim community has built a number of mosques and Islamic schools, and a number of imams and clerics act as the community's spiritual and religious leaders. In 1988, the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils (AFIC) appointed Sheikh Taj El-Din Hilaly as the first Grand Mufti of Australia and New Zealand.[citation needed] In 2007, Hilaly was succeeded by Fehmi Naji in June 2007[92] who was succeeded by the current Grand Mufti, Ibrahim Abu Mohamed in September 2011.[93]

Sunshine Mosque located in Melbourne serves the Turkish Cypriot community.

Fatwas, edicts based on Islamic jurisprudence which aim to provide "guidance to Muslim Australians in the personal, individual and private spheres of life",[94] are issued by various Australian Islamic authorities.[95][96]

Organisations

[edit]
Main article: Islamic organisations in Australia

A number of organisations and associations are run by the Australian Islamic community including mosques, private schools and charities and other community groups and associations. Broad community associations which represent large segments of the Australian Muslim public are usually termed "Islamic councils". Some organisations are focused on providing assistance and support for specific sectors within the community, such as women.

Two organisations with strong political emphasis are Hizb ut-Tahrir[97] which describes itself as a, "political party whose ideology is Islam"[98][99] and Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah Association (ASWJA).[100][101]

Islamic Museum of Australia in Melbourne

A number of financial institutions have developed Sharia-compliant finance products,[102] with university courses leading to Islamic financial qualifications also being established.[103] Other Australian Islamic organisations have been set up to manage sharia-compliant investments, superannuation,[104][105] Islamic wills[106] and zakat management.[107][108]

Halal certification

[edit]
Main article: Halal certification in Australia

There are close to two dozen Halal certification authorities in Australia. Halal meat and meat product exports to the Middle East and Southeast Asia have greatly increased from the 1970s onwards; this expansion was due in part to efforts of the AFIC.[19]: 151  Halal certification has been criticised by anti-Halal campaigners who argue that the practice funds the growth of Islam, results in added costs, a requirement to officially certify intrinsically-halal foods and with consumers required to subsidise a particular religious belief.[109]

An inquiry by an Australian Senate committee, which concluded in December 2015, found the current system is "lacklustre" and made recommendations for improvement.[110] It found there was no evidence to support claims that the profits of halal certification are used to fund terrorism.[111][112] The report recognised that halal certification has economic benefits for Australia because of increased export opportunities.[110] It recommended that the federal government increase its oversight of halal certifiers to address fraudulent conduct, with halal products to be clearly labelled and for meat products sourced from animals subject to religious slaughter, to be specifically labelled.[113] It said that it had heard, "credible reports suggesting that the lack of regulation has been unscrupulously exploited". In tabling the report, committee chairman Sam Dastyari said, "Some certifiers are nothing more than scammers."[114] The committee recommended a single halal certification authority.[114] The committee in recommending clearer labelling, specifically referred to the need for meat processors to label products sourced from animals subject to religious slaughter.[115]

Demography

[edit]
See also: Demographics of Australia and Immigration to Australia

Historical population

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1981 76,792—    
1991 147,487+92.1%
2001 281,578+90.9%
2011 476,291+69.2%
2021 813,392+70.8%

During the 1980s the Australian Muslim population increased from 76,792 or 0.53% of the Australian population in 1981, to 109,523 or 0.70% in 1986.[citation needed] In the 2011 Census, the Muslim population was 479,300 or 2.25%, an increase of 438% on the 1981 number.

The general increase of the Muslim population in this decade was from 147,487 or 0.88% of the Australian population in 1991, to 200,885 or 1.12% in 1996.[citation needed]

In 2005 the overall Muslim population in Australia had grown from 281,600 or 1.50% of the general Australian population in 2001, to 340,400 or 1.71% in 2006. The growth of Muslim population at this time was recorded as 3.88% compared to 1.13% for the general Australian population.[citation needed]. From 2011-2016, Muslim population grew by 27% from 476,291 to 604,200 with majority residing in New South Wales.

The following is a breakdown of the country of birth of Muslims in Australia from 2001:[116]

There were 281,578 Muslims recorded in this survey; in the 2006 census the population had grown to 340,392.[117] 48% of Australian-born Muslims claimed Lebanese or Turkish ancestry.[116]

The distribution by state of the nation's Islamic followers has New South Wales with 50% of the total number of Muslims, followed by Victoria (33%), Western Australia (7%), Queensland (5%), South Australia (3%), ACT (1%) and both Northern Territory and Tasmania sharing 0.3%.[citation needed]

The majority of people who reported Islam as their religion in the 2006 Census were born overseas: 58% (198,400).[117] Of all persons affiliating with Islam in 2006 almost 9% were born in Lebanon and 7% were born in Turkey.[118]

Areas

[edit]
At the 2011 census, people who were affiliated with Islam as a percentage of the total population in Australia divided geographically by statistical local area
At the 2011 census, people who were affiliated with Islam as a percentage of the total population in Sydney divided geographically by postal area

According to the 2016 census, the Muslim population numbered 604,235 individuals, of whom 42% live in Greater Sydney, 31% in Greater Melbourne, and 8% in Greater Perth. The states and territories with the highest proportion of Muslims are New South Wales (3.58%) and Victoria (3.32%), whereas those with the lowest are Queensland (0.95%) and Tasmania (0.49%).[119]

4.2% of people in Greater Melbourne are Muslim.[120] Many Muslims living there are Bosnian and Turkish. Melbourne's Australian Muslims live primarily in the northern suburbs surrounding Broadmeadows, (mostly Turkish), Coburg, Brunswick, Epping (mostly Lebanese) and Truganina, Tarneit (mostly Indian). They also form communities in outer south-eastern suburbs such as Dandenong and Hallam (mostly Afghan and Pakistani).

Very few Muslims live in rural areas with the exceptions of the sizeable Albanian and Turkish communities in Shepparton, which has Victoria's oldest mosque, and Malays in Katanning, Western Australia. A community of Iraqis have settled in Cobram on the Murray River in Victoria.[121] An Albanian Muslim community resides in Mareeba who established Queensland's second oldest mosque.

Perth also has a Muslim community focussed in and around the suburb of Thornlie, where there is a mosque. Perth's Australian Islamic School has around 2,000 students on three campuses.

Mirrabooka and Beechboro contain predominantly Bosnian communities. The oldest mosque in Perth is the Perth Mosque on William Street in Northbridge. It has undergone many renovations although the original section still remains. Other mosques in Perth are located in Rivervale, Mirrabooka, Beechboro and Hepburn.

There are also communities of Muslims from Turkey, the Indian subcontinent (Pakistan, India and Bangladesh) and South-East Asia, in Sydney and Melbourne, the Turkish communities around Auburn, New South Wales and Meadow Heights and Roxburgh Park and the South Asian communities around Parramatta. Indonesian Muslims, are more widely distributed in Darwin.

Communities

[edit]

Muslim population by country of origin

  Australia (36%)
  Lebanon (10%)
  Turkey (8%)
  Bosnia-Herzegovina (3.6%)
  Afghanistan (3.5%)
  Pakistan (3.2%)
  Indonesia (2.9%)
  Iraq (2.8%)
  Bangladesh (2.7%)
  Iran (2.3%)
  Fiji (2%)
  Other (23%)

It is estimated that Australian Muslims come from 63 different backgrounds, with "loose associations" between them.[61]

Aboriginal Muslims

[edit]
See also: Aboriginal Australians

According to Australia's 2011 census, 1,140 people identify as Aboriginal Muslims, almost double the number of Aboriginal Muslims recorded in the 2001 census.[122] Many are converts and some are descendants of Afghan cameleers or, as in the Arnhem Land people, have Macassan ancestry as a result of the historical Makassan contact with Australia.[123][124] In north east Arnhem Land, there is some Islamic influence on the songs, paintings, dances, prayers with certain hymns to Allah and funeral rituals like facing west during prayers, roughly the direction of Mecca, and ritual prostration reminiscent of the Muslim sujud.[122] As a result of Malay indentured laborers, plenty of families in Northern Australia have names like Doolah, Hassan and Khan.[122] Notable Aboriginal Muslims include the boxer Anthony Mundine and Rugby League footballer Aidan Sezer.[125] Many indigenous converts are attracted to Islam because they see a compatibility between Aboriginal and Islamic beliefs,[126][127] while others see it as a fresh start and an aid against common social ills afflicting indigenous Australians, such as alcohol and drug abuse.[122]

Some academics who have studied these issues have come to less positive conclusions regarding the relationship between the Aboriginal people and the visiting trepangers.[16]: 65–67  [16]: 76  [17]: 138  [18]: 81–82 

Albanian Muslims

[edit]
See also: Albanian Australians

In the late twentieth century, 80% of Albanian speakers in Australia followed Islam.[41] In the twenty first century, the largest Albanian communities in Australia, Shepparton and Melbourne's suburb of Dandenong in Victoria are mostly Muslims.[128] Muslim Albanian communities exist in Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales and the Northern Territory.[129]

As Islam is the dominant religion among Albanian Australians, it has given the community a sense of unity and the capacity and resources to construct their own mosques.[41][130][131] They have symbolised the Albanian community's permanent settlement in Australia.[132] Mosques serve as important centres for community activities and are pivotal toward retaining the religious identity of Albanian Australians.[46] Albanian representatives serve in most federal Islamic organisations, with some in senior positions.[133][134] In the few areas of concentrated Albanian settlement, their small numbers shaped local areas through the construction of their first mosques or becoming a sizable proportion of the school Muslim population.[135] The foundations created by Albanian Australians have attracted future Muslim migrants to areas which have an existing mosque or services assisting with settlement.[135]

Albanians perform certain Muslim practices. Muslim head coverings are worn mainly by a few older women, Ramadan fasts are adhered to by some people and in Shepparton, Islam is influenced by Sufi Bektashism from Albania.[136][137]

Bangladeshi Muslims

[edit]
See also: Bangladeshis in Australia

According to the 2016 Australian Census, Bangladeshi origin population were around 55,000; among them about 33,000 were living in NSW. Bangladeshi Muslims are located primarily in Rockdale, Lakemba, Bankstown and many suburbs in Western Sydney region with a mosque in Sefton[64] and in the south-east of Melbourne, with a mosque at Huntingdale.[138] The Sefton Mosque has been linked to the Tablighi Jamaat School of Islam[139] and has hosted Hizb ut-Tahrir.[140] For Bangladeshi Muslims attending the Huntingdale Mosque, all Islamic lunar months, such as Ramadan are observed using local moon-sightings, rather than being based on Middle-Eastern, or other, timings.[141][142] According to the 2016 Australian census, 81.2% of the Bangladesh-born population in Australia was Muslim by faith.[143]

Bosnian Muslims

[edit]
See also: Bosnian Australian
Rochedale Mosque in Brisbane Australia

Bosnian Muslims have predominantly arrived in Australia after 1992, with most of the community living in the south east of Melbourne and in the south west of Sydney. There are Bosnian run mosques in Deer Park, Noble Park, Penshurst and Smithfield.[144] According to the 2016 Australian census, 23.2% of the Bosnia and Herzegovina-born population in Australia was Muslim by faith.[145]

Egyptian Muslims

[edit]
See also: Egyptian Australians

Egyptian Muslims in Sydney are represented by The Islamic Egyptian Society.[146] The Society has managed the Arkana College[147] in Kingsgrove since 1986. It is reported that enrolments for its 203 co-educational places are booked out until 2020.[148] According to the 2016 Australian census, 15.6% of the Egypt-born population in Australia was Muslim by faith.[149]

Indonesian Australians

[edit]
See also: Indonesian Australians

Though Islam is the majority religion in Indonesia, Muslims are the minority among Indonesians in Australia.[150] In the 2006 Australian Census, only 8,656 out of 50,975 Indonesians in Australia, or 17%, identified as Muslim. However, in the 2011 census, that figure rose to 12,241 or 19.4%,[151] 18.9% in 2016, and 19.3% in 2021.

Iraqi Australians

[edit]
See also: Iraqi Australians

Iraqi Muslims mainly came to the country as a refugees after the Iran–Iraq War, failed 1991 uprisings in Iraq, and then post-2003. They predominately settled in the western suburbs of Sydney, such as Fairfield and Auburn. According to the 2016 Australian census, 31.4% of the Iraqi-born population in Australia was Muslim by faith.[152]

Kurdish Muslims

[edit]

Kurdish Muslims have predominantly arrived in Australia since the second half of the 1980s, with most of the community settling in Melbourne and Sydney. Although the large majority of the Kurdish Australians are Muslims, there are no registered Kurdish run mosques in Australia.[153]

Lebanese Muslims

[edit]
See also: Lebanese Australians

Lebanese Muslims form the core of Australia's Muslim Arab population, particularly in Sydney where most Arabs in Australia live. Approximately 3.4% of Sydney's population are Muslim. Approximately 4.2% of residents in Greater Melbourne are Muslim,[120] and Sydney Road in Brunswick and Coburg is sometimes called 'Little Lebanon'.[154]

In November 2016, Immigration Minister, Peter Dutton said that it was a mistake of a previous administration to have brought out Lebanese Muslim immigrants.[155] Foreign Minister, Julie Bishop said Dutton was making a specific point about those charged with terrorism offences. "He made it quite clear that he respects and appreciates the contribution that the Lebanese community make in Australia".[156]

According to the 2016 Australian census, 43.5% of the Lebanon-born population in Australia was Muslim by faith.[157]

Somali Muslims

[edit]
See also: Somali Australians

Although the first Somali community in Victoria was established in 1988, most Somalis began to settle in the country in the early 1990s following the civil war in Somalia.[158] Somalis are active in the wider Australian Muslim community, and have also contributed significantly to local business.[159] According to the 2016 Australian census, 93.4% of the Somalia-born population in Australia was Muslim by faith.[160]

Turkish Muslims

[edit]
See also: Turkish Australians

Turkish Muslims are a significant segment of the Australian Muslim community. Melbourne has the largest Turkish community in Australia,[161] with the majority of Turkish Muslims living around Broadmeadows and other northern suburbs. The majority of Turkish Muslims in Sydney are from Auburn, Eastlakes and Prestons. Despite still having a large Turkish population in Auburn and Eastlakes, According to the 2016 Australian census, 64.0% of the Turkey-born population in Australia was Muslim by faith.[162]

Malay Muslims

[edit]
See also: Cocos Malays

According to the 2016 Australian census, only 5.2% of the Malaysia-born population in Australia was Muslim by faith.[163]

Discrimination

[edit]
See also: Islamophobia in Australia

According to some scholars, a particular trend of anti-Muslim prejudice has developed in Australia since the late 1980s [164] Since the 2001 World Trade Center attacks in New York, and the 2005 Bali bombings, Islam and its place in Australian society has been the subject of much public debate.[165]

A report published in 2004 by the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission pointed to many Muslim Australians who felt the Australian media was unfairly critical of, and often vilified their community due to generalisations of terrorism and the emphasis on crime. The use of ethnic or religious labels in news reports about crime was thought to stir up racial tensions.[166]

After the White Australia immigration laws were replaced with multicultural policies the social disadvantage of Muslims was thought to have been alleviated. Some sources, however, note that Muslims now face some disadvantages on account of their religion.[19]: 15–16  At times there has been opposition to the construction of new mosques in Australia. A 2014 report from the Islamic Sciences and Research Academy, University of Western Sydney, on mosques in New South Wales found that 44 percent of mosques in the state had "experienced resistance from the local community when the mosque was initially proposed". In around 20 percent of these cases opposition was from a small number of people.[167]

According to Michael Humphrey, a professor of sociology at the University of Sydney, much of Islamic culture and organisation in Australia has been borne of the social marginalisation experiences of Muslim working class migrants. He states, "Islam in Australia is culturally and theologically plural by virtue of its diverse social and geographical origins which has brought together Muslims from very different cultural, sect, linguistic and national backgrounds".[168]p. 35 He states that despite the rhetoric of equity, Australian "multiculturalism differentiates and values cultures differently according to undeclared criteria".[168]p. 37 While the Australian migration policy assumes that migrants would succumb to the dominant individualising and secularising processes to leave their cultural identities behind, or confine them to private spheres at minimum; the host society treats Muslims as a force of "cultural resistance" toward the self perceived multicultural and secular nature of Australian culture.[168]p. 36 This narrative results in the "negotiation of ‘Muslimness’ in the multicultural societies of the West [Australia]"[168]p.35 Ultimately, "Muslim culture and identity [in Australia] is reduced, simplified and its diversity ignored".[168]p. 35 Muslim practices of praying, fasting and veiling appear in the Australian western lens as challenging the conformity within public spaces and the values of gender equality in social relationships and individual rights. The immigrant Muslims are often required to "negotiate their Muslimness" in the course of their daily encounters with Australian society, the governmental and other social institutions and bureaucracies.[168]

A poll of nearly 600 Muslim residents of Sydney released in November 2015 found that the respondents were three to five times more likely to have experienced racism than the general Australian population. However, approximately 97 per cent of the Muslim respondents reported that they had friendly relations with non-Muslims and felt welcome in Australia.[169]

In an Australia-wide survey published in November 2015, which was based on 1,573 interviews, which asked, "Are Muslims that live in Australia doing enough to integrate into the Australian community, or should they be doing more?", only 20% of respondents thought Muslims are currently "doing enough".[170][171]

A poll conducted by the University of South Australia's International Centre for Muslim and non-Muslim Understanding which was released in 2016 found that 10 per cent of Australians have hostile attitudes towards Muslims.[172] The accompanying report concluded that "the great majority of Australians in all states and regions are comfortable to live alongside Australian Muslims".[173]

A Council for the Prevention of Islamophobia Inc has been established. An Australian speaking tour by Ayaan Hirsi Ali, was proposed for April 2017. Because of her alleged Islamophobia, the Council for the Prevention of Islamophobia told organisers that there would be 5,000 protesters outside the Festival Hall in Melbourne if she was to speak at that venue.[174] Her Australian tour was cancelled.[175][174] It is likely that Australian Muslims are facing up to six times exclusion from the society.[176]

Views on homosexuality

[edit]
Main article: Islam and homosexuality

In line with the views of Judaism and Christianity,[177] Islamic leaders in Australia generally believe that "the practice of homosexuality — is a forbidden action".[177][178]

In August 2017, the National Imams Council issued a statement opposing the proposed introduction of same-sex marriage in Australia, and several individual religious leaders have also argued against same-sex marriage. However, some Australian Muslims support same-sex marriage, and the Muslims for Progressive Values and Muslims for Marriage Equality groups have campaigned in favour of such a reform.[178] As of September 2017, there was no polling data on the Australian Islamic community's views on this issue.[179]

Employment, education and crime

[edit]

As of 2007, average wages of Muslims were much lower than those of the national average, with just 5% of Muslims earning over $1000 per week compared to the average of 11%. Unemployment rates amongst Muslims born overseas were higher than Muslims born in Australia.[165] Muslims are over-represented in jails in New South Wales, at 9% to 10% of the prison population, compared to less than 3% within the NSW population.[180][181]

In literature and film

[edit]

There are a number of notable works in Australian literature that discuss the Muslims during the "Afghan period" (1860-1900).[19]: 10 

  • The Camel in Australia, by Tom L. McKnight
  • Fear and Hatred, by Andrew Markus
  • Afghans in Australia, by Michael Cigler
  • Tin Mosques and Ghantowns, by Christine Stevens
  • Ali Abdul v The King, by Hanifa Deen
  • Australia's Muslim Cameleers: Pioneers of the inland, 1860s–1930s, by Dr Anna Kenny

Veiled Ambition is a documentary created by Rebel Films for the SBS independent network. A Lebanese-Australian woman named Frida, opens a shop selling fashionable clothing for Muslim women on Melbourne's Sydney Road. The documentary follows Frida as she develops her business in Melbourne also her journey in juggling a home in Sydney and a family life all while pregnant and expecting[182] Veiled Ambition won the Palace Films Award for Short Film Promoting Human Rights at the 2006 Melbourne International Film Festival.[183]

Ali's Wedding is an Australian film based on a true story of an Iraqi Shia immigrant family. It depicts some of the religious and social practices of the Shia community in Australia.

Slam is a 2018 Australian film about a Muslim Palestinian-Australian family's experience of Islamophobia in Australia.[184]

Notable Australian Muslim figures

[edit]
Main category: Australian Muslims

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • CIA Factbook[185]
  • US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report 2006[186]
  1. ^ "Australian Bureau of Statistics : 2021 Census of Population and Housing : General Community Profile" (XLSX). Abs.gov.au. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  2. ^ "2071.0 - Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013". 21 June 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  3. ^ "2071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016". www.abs.gov.au. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  4. ^ "Old trend no leap of faith". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  5. ^ "Australians Lose Their Faith". The Wall Street Journal.
  6. ^ Athyal, Jesudas M. (2015). Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 42. ISBN 978-1610692502.
  7. ^ J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann (21 September 2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. Abc-Clio. p. 247. ISBN 9781598842043.
  8. ^ a b Burke, Kelly (22 September 2012). "Disunity, not anger, is Muslim dilemma". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  9. ^ Baker, Jordan; Marcus, Caroline (23 September 2012). "Inside Sydney's City of Imams". Sunday Telegraph. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  10. ^ a b McIntosh, I., (1996) Islam and Australia's Aborigines? A Perspective from North-East Arnhem Land, The Journal of Religious History, volume 20, issue 1, The Journal of Religious History Vol. 20, No. 1, June 1996, 53-77
  11. ^ a b McIntosh, I., (1996) Islam and Australia's Aborigines? A Perspective from North-East Arnhem Land, The Journal of Religious History, volume 20, issue 1, The Journal of Religious History Vol. 20, No. 1, June 1996, 53, 53.
  12. ^ "The Yolngu". National Museum of Australia. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  13. ^ Ganter, R.(2008) Journal of Australian Studies, Volume 32,4, 2008: "Muslim Australians: the deep histories of contact.""Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Retrieved on 6 April 2012
  14. ^ Janak Rogers (24 June 2014). "When Islam came to Australia". BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  15. ^ "Dr Ian S McIntosh - Biography". National Museum of Australia. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  16. ^ a b c d McIntosh, Ian (June 1996). "Islam and Australia's Aborigines? A Perspective from North-East Arnhem Land". The Journal of Religious History, Vol. 20, No. 1. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  17. ^ a b McIntosh, Ian (1996). "Allah and the Spirit of the Dead - The hidden legacy of pre-colonial Indonesian/Aboriginal contact in north-east Arnhem Land" (PDF). Australian National University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  18. ^ a b Howie-Willis, Ian, ed. (1997). "Aboriginal History Volume 21" (PDF). History Department, Australian National University. 21. doi:10.22459/AH.21.2011. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  19. ^ a b c d e Kabir, Nahid (11 January 2013). Muslims In Australia - Nahid Kabir - Google Books. Routledge. ISBN 9781136215063. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  20. ^ "Norfolk Island Census of Population and Housing 2006" (PDF). Government of Norfolk Island. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  21. ^ "Combating Racism and Prejudice in Schools" (PDF). Victorian Department of Education. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  22. ^ Shahram Akbarzadeh; Abdullah Saeed (2001). Muslim communities in Australia. UNSW Press. pp. 13–15. ISBN 9780868405803.
  23. ^ Jones, Philip G and Kenny, Anna (2007) Australia's Muslim cameleers: pioneers of the inland, 1860s–1930s Kent Town, S. Aust. : Wakefield Press. ISBN 978-1-86254-778-0
  24. ^ Arthur Clark (January–February 1988). "Camels Down Under". Saudi Aramco World. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2006.
  25. ^ Nahid Kabir (7 September 2007). "A History of Muslims in Australia". The (Dhaka) Daily Star, Bangladesh. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  26. ^ a b Cook, Abu Bakr Sirajuddin; Dawood, Rami (18 March 2022). "On the History of Sufism in Australia: A Manuscript from the Broken Hill Mosque". Journal of Sufi Studies. 11 (1): 115–135. doi:10.1163/22105956-bja10021. ISSN 2210-5948.
  27. ^ "Pearl Divers · WA Migration Stories · Exhibitions". exhibitions.slwa.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  28. ^ a b Burke, Kelly (20 December 2023). "'It was too dangerous for white men': the racist history of pearl diving in Australia". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  29. ^ corporateName=National Museum of Australia; address=Lawson Crescent, Acton Peninsula. "National Museum of Australia - Japanese divers in Broome". www.nma.gov.au. Retrieved 31 October 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ "Mahomedan Festival in Melbourne", Auckland Star, 16 August 1884, page 3.
  31. ^ Batchelor, Daud Abdul-Fattah (2018). "Mahomet Allum: Australia's Leading Herbalist Benefactor?". Australian Journal of Islamic Studies. 3 (3). Centre for Islamic Studies and Civilisation (a collaboration between Charles Sturt University and the Islamic Sciences and Research Academy of Australia: 121–138. ISSN 2207-4414. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  32. ^ Batchelor, Daud (22 September 2018). "Mahomet Allum, Australia's leading herbalist-benefactor". AMUST: Australasian Muslim Times. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  33. ^ Jones, Philip G.; Jones, Anna (2007). Australia's Muslim Cameleers: Pioneers of the Inland, 1860s-1930s (Pbk ed.). Wakefield Press. pp. 11, 21. ISBN 9781862547780. Online version of 2010 ed. at Google Books
  34. ^ Murphy, Damien. "Broken Hill an act of war or terrorism won't be commemorated." Sydney Morning Herald. 31 October 2014.
  35. ^ Stevens, Christine. Tin Mosques and Ghantowns; A History of Afghan Cameldrivers in Australia. Oxford University Press. Melbourne 1989, p. 163 ISBN 0-19-554976-7
  36. ^ Pratt, Douglas (2011). "Antipodean Ummah: Islam and Muslims in Australia and New Zealand". Religion Compass. 5 (12): 744. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00322.x.
  37. ^ a b Cleland, Bilal (2001). "The History of Muslims in Australia". In Akbarzadeh, Shahram; Saeed, Abdullah (eds.). Muslim communities in Australia. UNSW Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780868405803.
  38. ^ Amath 2017, p. 98.
  39. ^ Aslan, Alice (2009). Islamophobia in Australia. Agora Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 9780646521824.
  40. ^ Ahmeti 2017, pp. 186.
  41. ^ a b c d e Jupp, James (2001). The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 166. ISBN 9780521807890.
  42. ^ Ahmeti 2017, p. 35.
  43. ^ Barry & Yilmaz 2019, pp. 1169, 1172.
  44. ^ Haveric 2019, pp. 1–3.
  45. ^ Haveric 2019, p. 27.
  46. ^ a b Amath, Nora (2017). "We're serving the community, in whichever form it may be": Muslim Community Building in Australia". In Peucker, Mario; Ceylan, Rauf (eds.). Muslim Community Organizations in the West: History, Developments and Future Perspectives. Springer. p. 100. ISBN 9783658138899.
  47. ^ Bouma, Gary D.; Daw, Joan; Munawar, Riffat (2001). "Muslims Managing Religious Diversity". In Akbarzadeh, Shahram; Saeed, Abdullah (eds.). Muslim communities in Australia. UNSW Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 9780868405803.
  48. ^ Rexhepi, Nizami (31 August 2021). "Historia e vendosjes së 4 mijë shqiptarëve në qytetin Dandenong" [The history of the settlement of 4 thousand Albanians in the city of Dandenong] (in Albanian). Diaspora Shqiptare. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  49. ^ a b Moldovan, Alice (13 October 2019). "This extroverted German baron helped a 'pluralistic, sophisticated' Islam bloom in Australia". ABC News. The Religion and Ethics Report (for ABC Radio National). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  50. ^ "Cultural Diversity in Australia". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  51. ^ "Govt Hopes No Islamic Protests In Melbourne."[permanent dead link] Nine MSN. Accessed 20 September 2014.
  52. ^ Simmonds, Kylie (17 December 2014). "Sydney siege: Police respond to anti-Muslim sentiment in wake of Lindt cafe shootout". ABC News. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  53. ^ "#illridewithyou: support for Muslim Australians takes off following Sydney siege." ABC News. 15 December 2014.
  54. ^ "Sydney cafe: Australians say to Muslims 'I'll ride with you.'" BBC. 16 December 2014.
  55. ^ Kim, Sharnie (19 May 2015). "Muslim integration: Australian immigration policies need tightening, Islamic Council founding president says". ABC News. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  56. ^ "Reflections on a Muslim community under siege". The Australian. 23 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  57. ^ "Islam in Australia - Demographic Profile of Muslim Youth" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  58. ^ "World Almanac of Islamism - Australia" (PDF). American Foreign Policy Council. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  59. ^ Rubvin, Barry (2010). "Guide to Islamist Movements, Volume 2". M.E. Sharpe. p. 119. ISBN 9780765641380. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  60. ^ "Extremists lure young minds". Sydney Morning Herald. 31 July 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  61. ^ a b Morton, Rick (30 May 2015). "In Muslim Australia, there's divide and no respected rule". The Australian. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  62. ^ Morton, Rick (25 May 2015). "Halal certification charter signed in secret in Mecca". The Australian. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  63. ^ Amin, Faroque (2016). "Social welfare program of Islamic political party: a case study of Bangladesh Jama'at-e-Islami". School of Social Science and Psychology, University of Western Sydney. p. 29. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  64. ^ a b "Bangladesh Islamic Centre of NSW". BIC NSW. 2013. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  65. ^ "Huntingdale Masjid". 2012. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  66. ^ "Dawat-e-Islami Australia". Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  67. ^ "WikiLeaks 'Saudi Cables' reveal secret Saudi government influence in Australia". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 June 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  68. ^ "Muslim Journeys – Arrivals – Lebanese". National Archives of Australia. 2001. Archived from the original on 27 February 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2009.
  69. ^ Kerbja, Richard (28 January 2008). "Call to probe mystery Shia cleric". The Australian. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  70. ^ "Imam Hasan Centre - About". Imam Hasan Centre. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  71. ^ "Shia Muslims stand against IS at annual Ashura march in Sydney". ABC News (Australia). 4 November 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  72. ^ "Thousands take part in Ashura march through Sydney". Sydney Morning Herald. 4 November 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  73. ^ Cook, Henrietta (27 October 2015). "Department backs school over national anthem furore". The Age. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  74. ^ Rintoul, Stuart (26 June 2012). "Bobb (sic) Carr condemns Alawite attacks in Australia". The Australian. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  75. ^ "About us". alsadiq.nsw.edu.au. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  76. ^ Cooper, Adam (19 March 2012). "Petrol-bomb attack on religious group". The Age. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  77. ^ R. S. McGregor (25 September 1992). McGregor, R. S. (ed.). Devotional Literature in South Asia: Current Research, 1985-1988 (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780521413114.
  78. ^ Pratap Kumar (30 January 2015). Indian Diaspora: Socio-Cultural and Religious Worlds. BRILL. p. 280. ISBN 9789004288065.
  79. ^ Gardiner, Stephanie (12 November 2015). "Mother, midwife and sheikh guilty in Australia's first genital mutilation trial". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  80. ^ "Dawoodi Bohra Jamaat". Sydney Business Directory. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  81. ^ "Cry, my father's country". Sydney Morning Herald. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  82. ^ Debien, Noel (22 July 2012). "The good life: Druze practical spirituality (Part 1)". ABC News. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  83. ^ Cook, Abu Bakr Sirajuddin (2018). "Tasawwuf 'Usturaliya". Australian Journal of Islamic Studies. 3 (3): 60–74. doi:10.55831/ajis.v3i3.119. ISSN 2207-4414. S2CID 248537054.
  84. ^ Footsteps, Sacred (29 November 2021). "Podcast Ep 35 Islam in Australia: Makassan Traders, Afghan Cameleers & a Sufi Qadiri Connection". Sacred Footsteps. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  85. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  86. ^ Patrick Abboud (28 September 2012). "Sufism: The invisible branch of Islam". SBS. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
  87. ^ "'This is a warning': Members of Sydney's Shia community fear IS beheading". SBS. 3 November 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  88. ^ Olding, Rachel (30 June 2013). "Home front opens in a foreign war". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  89. ^ Meldrum-Hanna, Caro (4 June 2013). "Sectarian tensions underlying conflict in Syria erupt in Sydney and Melbourne". ABC News. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  90. ^ Jopson, Debra (30 October 2012). "Syria's Civil War Spills Over in Sydney". The Global Mail. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  91. ^ Auerbach, Taylor (2 April 2015). "Islamic State grooming Aussie teens as young as 14 for terror army online". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  92. ^ Zwartz, Barney (11 June 2007). "Hilali out as Mufti, moderate in". The Age. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  93. ^ Kilani, Ahmed (19 September 2011). "Australian Imams appoint a new Mufti". muslimvillage.com. MuslimVillage Incorporated. Retrieved 29 January 2015. Imams and Sheikhs from around Australia held a meeting last night in which they appointed Dr Ibrahim Abu Muhammad as the new Grand Mufti of Australia.
  94. ^ "Fatwas: their role in contemporary secular Australia" (PDF). Ro.uow.edu.au. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  95. ^ "Fiqh (Jurisprudence) | Table". Darulfatwa.org.au. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  96. ^ "Fatwa Archives - Jamiatul Ulama of Victoria". 3 June 2014. Archived from the original on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  97. ^ Benson, Simon (26 June 2014). "Government seeks advice over radical Islamic group Hizb ut-Tahrir: Can't act against them under current laws". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  98. ^ Auerbach, Taylor (11 January 2015). "Charlie Hebdo terrorist attacks a 'cure', says leader of Hizb ut-Tahrir Australia Ismail Alwahwah". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  99. ^ "About Hizb ut-Tahrir". 29 January 2009. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  100. ^ Lillebuen, Steve (28 September 2014). "Sheikh defends radical preacher's attendance at conference". The Age. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  101. ^ Olding, Rachel, Olding (28 September 2014). "Members of Street Dawah preaching group feature heavily in Sydney's counter-terrorism raids". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 January 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  102. ^ Henshaw, Carolyn (30 March 2013). "NAB set to join rush for Islamic cash". The Australian. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  103. ^ "Master of Islamic Banking and Finance". La Trobe University. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  104. ^ "Hejaz Financial Services". Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  105. ^ "Crescent Wealth". Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  106. ^ "Wasiyyah". Wasiyyah.com.au. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  107. ^ "Zakat Al-Mal Project, Pay Zakat, What is Zakat in Islam? – Human Appeal International". Humanappeal.org.au. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  108. ^ "National Zakat Foundation". National Zakat Foundation. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  109. ^ Johnson, Chris (28 December 2014). "Why halal certification is in turmoil". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  110. ^ a b Medhora, Shalailah (1 December 2015). "Overhaul 'lacklustre' halal certification to root out exploitation, report says". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  111. ^ Ockenden, Will (24 September 2015). "No direct link between halal certification and Islamic terrorism, Senate inquiry told". ABC. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  112. ^ "No Halal link to terror: Senate committee". Sky News. 1 December 2015. Archived from the original on 1 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  113. ^ "Australian Senate Committee Inquiry Recommendations". APH. 1 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  114. ^ a b Aston, Heath (2 December 2015). "'Nothing more than scammers': Senate committee calls for halal overhaul". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  115. ^ "Australian Senate Committee Inquiry Recommendations". APH. 1 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  116. ^ a b "HREOC Website: Isma - Listen: National consultations on eliminating prejudice against Arab and Muslim Australias". Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  117. ^ a b "3416.0 – Perspectives on Migrants, 2007: Birthplace and Religion". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 25 February 2008. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  118. ^ "Cultural diversity". 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2008. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 7 February 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  119. ^ "Census TableBuilder - Dataset: 2016 Census - Cultural Diversity". Australian Bureau of Statistics – Census 2016. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  120. ^ a b "Religion | Australia | Community profile". profile.id.com.au. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  121. ^ "Social integration of Muslim Settlers in Cobram" (PDF). Centre for Muslim Minorities and Islam Policy Studies – Monash University. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 September 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  122. ^ a b c d Janak Rogers (24 June 2014). "When Islam came to Australia". BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  123. ^ Phil Mercer (31 March 2003). "Aborigines turn to Islam". BBC. Retrieved 19 November 2006.
  124. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  125. ^ Kathy Marks, The Independent Militant Aborigines embrace Islam to seek empowerment. 28 February 2003 Archived 12 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 1 February 2007.
  126. ^ Janak Rogers (24 June 2014). "When Islam came to Australia". BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 25 June 2014. This sense of the compatibility of Aboriginal and Islamic beliefs is not uncommon, says Peta Stephenson, a sociologist at Victoria University. Shared practices include male circumcision, arranged or promised marriages and polygamy, and similar cultural attitudes like respect for land and resources, and respecting one's elders. "Many Aboriginal people I spoke with explained these cultural synergies often by quoting the well-known phrase from the Koran that 124,000 prophets had been sent to the Earth," says Stephenson. "They argued that some of these prophets must have visited Aboriginal communities and shared their knowledge."
  127. ^ Cook, Abu Bakr Sirajuddin; Yucel, Salih (2016). "Australia's Indigenous Peoples and Islam: Philosophical and Spiritual Convergences between Belief Structures". Comparative Islamic Studies. 12 (1–2): 165–185. doi:10.1558/cis.37033. ISSN 1743-1638. S2CID 203064611.
  128. ^ Ahmeti 2017, pp. 41, 263.
  129. ^ Haveric 2019, pp. 27, 126, 139, 144, 153–154, 159–160, 199.
  130. ^ Ahmeti 2017, pp. 122, 127.
  131. ^ Haveric 2019, p. 53.
  132. ^ Ahmeti 2017, pp. 39, 92.
  133. ^ Haveric, Dzavid (2019). Muslims making Australia home: Immigration and Community Building. Melbourne University Publishing. pp. 95, 97–98. ISBN 9780522875829.
  134. ^ Barry & Yilmaz 2019, p. 1173.
  135. ^ a b Ahmeti 2017, p. 187.
  136. ^ Ahmeti, Sharon (2017). Albanian Muslims in Secular, Multicultural Australia (Ph.D.). University of Aberdeen. pp. 67, 82. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  137. ^ Barry, James; Yilmaz, Ihsan (2019). "Liminality and Racial Hazing of Muslim Migrants: Media Framing of Albanians in Shepparton, Australia, 1930-1955". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 42 (7): 1174. doi:10.1080/01419870.2018.1484504. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30109598. S2CID 149907029.
  138. ^ "Huntingdale Masjid". 2012. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  139. ^ O'Brien, Natelie; Trad, Sanna (7 January 2008). "Terror links in battle for mosque". The Australian. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  140. ^ McClellan, Ben; Chambers, Geoff (11 October 2014). "Radical Muslim cleric Ismail al-Wahwah tells supporters a new world order is coming". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  141. ^ "Majlis ul Ulamaa of Australia" (PDF). 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  142. ^ Irfan Yusuf (8 January 2014). "Another round of Ramadan lunar-cy". Eureka Street. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  143. ^ "Bangladesh-born: Community Information Summary" (PDF). Department of Home Affairs.
  144. ^ Haveric, David (February 2009). "History of the Bosnian Muslim Community in Australia: Settlement Experience in Victoria" (PDF). Institute for Community, Ethnicity and Policy Alternatives, Victoria University. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  145. ^ "Bosnian-born: Community Information Summary" (PDF). Department of Home Affairs.
  146. ^ "The Islamic Egyptian Society". Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  147. ^ "Arkana College". Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  148. ^ Balogh, Stefanie (11 March 2017). "Islamic college embraces community values". The Australian. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  149. ^ "Egypt-born: Community Information Summary" (PDF). Department of Home Affairs.
  150. ^ Saeed, Abdullah (2003), Islam in Australia, Allen & Unwin, p. 12, ISBN 1-86508-864-1
  151. ^ "Community Information Summary – Indonesian-born" (PDF). Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Community Relations Section of DIAC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  152. ^ "Iraq-born: Community Information Summary" (PDF). Department of Home Affairs.
  153. ^ "Kurdish Community". Immigration Museum. 11 July 2010. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  154. ^ "Little Lebanon in Melbourne review". www.reviewstream.com. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  155. ^ Davidson, Helen (18 November 2016). "Australia is paying for Malcolm Fraser's immigration mistakes, says Peter Dutton". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  156. ^ "Julie Bishop defends Peter Dutton's comments on Lebanese immigration". Nine News. 23 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  157. ^ "Lebanon-born: Community Information Summary" (PDF). Department of Home Affairs.
  158. ^ "Origins: History of immigration from Somalia - Immigration Museum, Melbourne Australia". Archived from the original on 30 July 2008. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  159. ^ "Senator Evans to attend Somali festivities in Melbourne". 25 April 2013. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  160. ^ "Somalia-born: Community Information Summary" (PDF). Department of Home Affairs.
  161. ^ "Ancestry | Australia | Community profile". profile.id.com.au. Archived from the original on 19 November 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  162. ^ "Turkey-born: Community Information Summary" (PDF). Department of Home Affairs.
  163. ^ "Malaysia-born: Community Information Summary" (PDF). Department of Home Affairs.
  164. ^ Poynting, Scott, and Victoria Mason. "The resistible rise of Islamophobia Anti-Muslim racism in the UK and Australia before 11 September 2001". Journal of Sociology 43, no. 1 (2007): 61-86.
  165. ^ a b "Muslim Australians – E-Brief". Australian Parliament Library. 6 March 2007. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012.
  166. ^ "National consultations on eliminating prejudice against Arab and Muslim Australians". HREOC. 16 June 2004. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
  167. ^ Underabi, Husnia. "Mosques of Sydney and New South Wales" (PDF). Charles Sturt University; ISRA Australia; University of Western Sydney. p. 46.
  168. ^ a b c d e f Humphrey, Michael (2001). "An Australian Islam? Religion in the Multicultural City". In Akbarzadeh, Shahram; Saeed, Abdullah (eds.). Muslim Communities in Australia. UNSW Press. pp. 35, 40, 41, 42, 44, 48, 49. ISBN 978-0-86840-580-3.
  169. ^ Safi, Michael (30 November 2015). "Sydney Muslims feel at home despite very high racism exposure, survey finds". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  170. ^ Hudson Phillip (23 November 2015). "Australians fear terror will hit home: Newspoll". The Australian. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  171. ^ "NewsPoll" (PDF). The Australian. 23 November 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  172. ^ Brooth, Meredith (20 January 2016). "One in 10 Australians 'highly Islamophobic' and have a fear of Muslims". The Australian. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  173. ^ Hassan, Riaz; Martin, Bill (2015). Islamophobia, social distance and fear of terrorism in Australia : A Preliminary Report (PDF). International Centre for Muslim and non-Muslim Understanding. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-9874076-2-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  174. ^ a b Maly, Paul (4 April 2017). "Islam critic Ayaan Hirsi Ali cancels tour". The Australian. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  175. ^ Tasker, Belinda (3 April 2017). "Islam critic Hirsi Ali cancels Aust tour". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  176. ^ BIN AMIN, Umar. Muslim Employment in Commonwealth Government Departments and Agencies in the Context of Access and Equity. TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, [S.l.], p. 1-19, June 2016. ISSN 2442-9848
  177. ^ a b Australian National Imams Council (ANIC) (10 March 2018). "Islam's Clear Position on Homosexuality". www.anic.org.au. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  178. ^ a b Baird, Julia (31 August 2017). "Same-sex marriage: Why have Muslims been so quiet in the debate?". ABC News. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
  179. ^ Kozioil, Michael (18 September 2017). "Postal survey: gay Muslims shake off conservative image to back same-sex marriage". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
  180. ^ "Inmates banned from speaking Arabic at SuperMax jail in Goulburn". 7 March 2015.
  181. ^ "Ethnic minorities and crime in Australia" (PDF). 8 November 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013.
  182. ^ "Veiled Ambition". Ronin Films. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  183. ^ Wilson, Jake (14 August 2006). "Bridging the personal-political gap". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  184. ^ A Russell, Stephen (14 January 2019). "Powerful poetry punches through Islamophobia in 'Slam'". SBS. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
  185. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  186. ^ "Australia". State.gov. Retrieved 30 March 2015.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Ali, Jan A. Islam and Muslims in Australia: Settlement, Integration, Shariah, Education and Terrorism. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2020.
  • Aslan, Alice. "Islamophobia In Australia"
  • Al-Momani, Kais; Dados, Nour; Maddox, Marion; Wise, Amanda (2010). "Political Participation of Muslims in Australia" (PDF). Department of Social Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  • Boundless Plains: The Australian Muslim Connection, By Islamic Museum of Australia. Author: Moustafa Fahour
  • Cook, Abu Bakr Sirajuddin; Yucel, Salih (2016). "Australia's Indigenous Peoples and Islam: Philosophical and Spiritual Convergences between Belief Structures". Comparative Islamic Studies. 12 (1–2): 165–185. doi:10.1558/cis.37033. ISSN 1743-1638.
  • Cleland, Bilal. The Muslims in Australia: A Brief History. Melbourne: Islamic Council of Victoria, 2002.
  • Deen, Hanifa. Muslim Journeys. Online: National Archives of Australia, 2007.
  • Drew, Abdul Shaheed. Muslims in Australia since the 1600s
  • Kabir, Nahid. Muslims in Australia: Immigration, Race Relations and Cultural History. London: Kegan Paul, 2004.
  • Kabir, Nahid (July 2006). "Muslims in a 'White Australia': Colour or Religion?". Immigrants and Minorities. 24 (2): 193–223. doi:10.1080/02619280600863671. S2CID 144587003.
  • Saeed, Abdullah. Islam in Australia. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2003.
  • Saeed, Abdullah and Shahram Akbarzadeh, eds. Muslim Communities in Australia. Sydney: UNSW Press, 2001.
  • Stephenson, Peta. Islam Dreaming: Indigenous Muslims in Australia. Sydney: UNSW Press, 2010.
  • Stevens, Christine. Tin Mosques and Ghantowns.
  • Woodlock, Rachel and John Arnold (eds). Isolation, Integration and Identity: The Muslim Experience in Australia. Special Issue of The La Trobe Journal. Melbourne, Victoria: State Library of Victoria Foundation, 2012.
  • B Amin, Umar. Muslim Employemnet in Commonwealth Department and Agencies in context of Access and Equity. Tarbiya; Journal of Education in Muslim Society, Jun 2016.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Australia&oldid=1257361191"